Japan (JA)
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どのようにカメラを選べばよいのか？
本ガイドの対象者 :
顕微鏡カメラを使用している、またはこれから使用したいと考えている研究者の方
本ガイドの内容 :
カメラのスペックと実験との関連性について説明します。
セクション :
仕様の表記について :
| 浜松ホトニクスの表記 | 他メーカーの表記 |
|---|---|
| 撮像素子 | Sensor options, Sensor type |
顕微鏡カメラのセンサにはCCD、EM-CCD、CMOSの3種類があります。EM-CCDはCCDを改良して信号を増幅させたものですが、CMOSセンサは全く別の技術であり、独自の機能、強み、弱みがあります。このような違いがあるため、CMOSカメラとCCD/EM-CCDカメラを比較する際には、注意が必要です。
センサアーキテクチャの違いについてはsCMOS vs. CCD vs. EM-CCDを、科学計測用CMOS技術についてはChanging the Gameホワイトペーパーをご覧ください。
センサの技術だけでなく、メーカーがカメラにセンサを実装する方法もカメラの性能に影響します。同じセンサを用いているカメラでも、スピード、読み出しノイズ、暗電流、アナログゲイン、ビニング、そして飽和電荷量容量までもが、メーカーのカメラの設計方法によって異なることがあります。このように、カメラ評価においてセンサの型名がそのままカメラの性能を表すわけではありません。
では、研究者にとってセンサの違いは何を意味するのでしょうか？ 結局のところ、重要なのは実験に必要な性能と品質です。そのカメラは現在の実験に必要な解像度、速度、感度を持っているのか、さらには今後の実験に役立つ高度な機能を持っているのか。これらの質問に正確に回答するためには、すべてのカメラの仕様を詳しく見て、あなたの実験に対してセンサがどのように機能するかを確認する必要があります。あなたの実験の詳細をすべて知ることはできませんが、センサ技術については、いくつかの一般的な見解があります。
まとめ :
- CCDカメラは20fps以下のフレームレートに対応し、高い量子効率（QE）、適度な低ノイズ、適度な視野を持つ、科学計測イメージングに不可欠なカメラです。また、定量的であることに加え、使い勝手がよく、価格も手頃で、美しい画像を撮影することが可能です。多くの実験では今でもCCDを使用することができます。
- EM-CCDカメラは光子数が限られている場合、つまり、検出される光子数が100個以下/エミッター で、バックグラウンドノイズが無視できるような条件下で、しばしば最適な選択肢となります。また、EM-CCDは通常、EMモードではない状態でも動作させることができます。このモードでは大きなダイナミックレンジを持ち、高照度、低コントラストの条件で優れた性能を発揮するため、柔軟性に優れています。EM-CCDの主なトレードオフは、EM機能によるエクセスノイズです。
- 第二世代のScientific CMOS（Gen II sCMOS）カメラはトレードオフの少ない多くの利点を持っています。このカメラは生物学的実験の大部分で放出される光子領域で最高のSNRを実現でき、同時に大きな視野と高速フレームレート (100 fps) を実現します。sCMOSの低い読み出しノイズは大きな利点ですが、読み出しノイズの画素ごとのばらつきはトレードオフの関係にあります。
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